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Characteristics of special circulations

Sawdon, Marina (2017) Characteristics of special circulations. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 11 (2). pp. 65-68. ISSN 1472-0299

Item Type: Article

Abstract

Blood flow through a vascular bed is usually determined by the pressure gradient across it and the diameter of the precapillary resistance vessels. Special circulations have additional specific features of blood flow control. Several organs control their blood supply by autoregulation. Coronary blood flow is linked to myocardial oxygen consumption, primarily by a metabolic mechanism. Increases in demand or decreases in supply of oxygen cause the release of vasodilator metabolites, which act on vascular smooth muscle to cause vessel relaxation and hence increase blood flow. Cerebral blood flow is primarily regulated by a myogenic mechanism whereby increases in transmural pressure stretch the vascular smooth muscle, which responds by contracting. Renal blood flow is regulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms; sympathetic vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles reduces renal blood flow in response to a decrease in effective circulating volume, myogenic mechanisms and tubuloglomerular feedback, as well as the release of vasoactive metabolites from the vascular endothelium regulate renal blood flow intrinsically. Hepatic blood flow is delivered via the portal vein and hepatic artery, and the amount of flow varies in these vessels reciprocally to maintain constant total blood flow. The pulmonary circulation receives the entire cardiac output, and blood flow is regulated both passively and actively. Pulmonary vessels are highly distensible and can accommodate increases in blood flow without significant increases in pressure.Blood flow through a vascular bed is usually determined by the pressure gradient across it and the diameter of the precapillary resistance vessels. Special circulations have additional specific features of blood flow control. Several organs control their blood supply by autoregulation. Coronary blood flow is linked to myocardial oxygen consumption, primarily by a metabolic mechanism. Increases in demand or decreases in supply of oxygen cause the release of vasodilator metabolites, which act on vascular smooth muscle to cause vessel relaxation and hence increase blood flow. Cerebral blood flow is primarily regulated by a myogenic mechanism whereby increases in transmural pressure stretch the vascular smooth muscle, which responds by contracting. Renal blood flow is regulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms; sympathetic vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles reduces renal blood flow in response to a decrease in effective circulating volume, myogenic mechanisms and tubuloglomerular feedback, as well as the release of vasoactive metabolites from the vascular endothelium regulate renal blood flow intrinsically. Hepatic blood flow is delivered via the portal vein and hepatic artery, and the amount of flow varies in these vessels reciprocally to maintain constant total blood flow. The pulmonary circulation receives the entire cardiac output, and blood flow is regulated both passively and actively. Pulmonary vessels are highly distensible and can accommodate increases in blood flow without significant increases in pressure.

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Additional Information: Unmapped bibliographic data: M3 - doi: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.10.014 [Field not mapped to EPrints]
Depositing User: Marina Sawdon

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Item ID: 8128
Identification Number: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.10.014
ISSN: 1472-0299
URI: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/8128
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.10.014

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Date Deposited: 20 Nov 2017 16:36
Last Modified: 20 Nov 2017 16:36

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Author: Marina Sawdon

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