Abstract

Agricultural activities generate significant biogenic carbon emissions from anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and the decomposition of organic waste. In decentralised farming systems, limited monitoring and process control increases the risk of uncontrolled emissions and environmental hazards. This study evaluates farm-scale carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) strategies within a circular and sustainable chemistry framework integrating emission mitigation, resource recovery, and environmental protection. A structured synthesis of peer-reviewed studies shows that membrane-based CO₂ recovery achieves 85–95% capture efficiency, biochar systems increase soil carbon storage by 0.3–0.8 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, algal utilisation produces 30–45gm⁻² day⁻¹ biomass, and greenhouse CO₂ enrichment improves crop yields by 20–30%. Compared with conventional non-CCU agricultural operations, integrated systems reduce net emissions by approximately 15–40%, equivalent to 0.5–2.5 t CO₂e ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ depending on technology configuration and system boundary. The study further highlights the importance of robust measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, predictive risk management, and IoT-enabled digital monitoring for ensuring process stability, leak detection, and environmental accountability. A conceptual smart environmental management framework that combines real-time sensing, digital dashboards, and risk-informed operational controls is proposed to support safer deployment and scalability of low-emission agricultural systems. The findings contribute to integrated environmental management strategies for climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture.