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Intravenous co-amoxiclav to prevent infection after operative vaginal delivery: the ANODE RCT.

Knight, Marian, Chiocchia, Virginia, Partlett, Christopher, Rivero-Arias, Oliver, Hua, Xinyang, Bowler, Ursula, Gray, James, Gray, Shan, Hinshaw, Kim, Khunda, Aethele, Moore, Philip, Mottram, Linda, Owino, Nelly, Pasupathy, Dharmintra, Sanders, Julia, Sultan, Abdul H, Thakar, Ranee, Tuffnell, Derek, Linsell, Louise and Juszczak, Edmund (2019) Intravenous co-amoxiclav to prevent infection after operative vaginal delivery: the ANODE RCT. National Institute for Health Research, NIHR Journals.

Item Type: Other

Abstract

Sepsis is a leading cause of direct and indirect maternal death in both the UK and globally. All forms of operative delivery are associated with an increased risk of sepsis, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's guidance recommends the use of prophylactic antibiotics at all caesarean deliveries, based on substantial randomised controlled trial evidence of clinical effectiveness. A Cochrane review, updated in 2017 (Liabsuetrakul T, Choobun T, Peeyananjarassri K, Islam QM. Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery. 2017; :CD004455), identified only one small previous trial of prophylactic antibiotics following operative vaginal birth (forceps or ventouse/vacuum extraction) and, given the small study size and extreme result, suggested that further robust evidence is needed. To investigate whether or not a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic following operative vaginal birth is clinically effective for preventing confirmed or presumed maternal infection, and to investigate the associated impact on health-care costs. A multicentre, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Twenty-seven maternity units in the UK. Women who had an operative vaginal birth at ≥ 36 weeks' gestation, who were not known to be allergic to penicillin or constituents of co-amoxiclav and who had no indication for ongoing antibiotics. A single dose of intravenous co-amoxiclav (1 g of amoxicillin/200 mg of clavulanic acid) or placebo (sterile saline) allocated through sealed, sequentially numbered, indistinguishable packs. Primary outcome - confirmed or suspected infection within 6 weeks of giving birth. Secondary outcomes - severe sepsis, perineal wound infection, perineal pain, use of pain relief, hospital bed stay, hospital/general practitioner visits, need for additional perineal care, dyspareunia, ability to sit comfortably to feed the baby, maternal general health, breastfeeding, wound breakdown, occurrence of anaphylaxis and health-care costs. Between March 2016 and June 2018, 3427 women were randomised: 1719 to the antibiotic arm and 1708 to the placebo arm. Seven women withdrew, leaving 1715 women in the antibiotic arm and 1705 in the placebo arm for analysis. Primary outcome data were available for 3225 out of 3420 women (94.3%). Women randomised to the antibiotic arm were significantly less likely to have confirmed or suspected infection within 6 weeks of giving birth (180/1619, 11%) than women randomised to the placebo arm (306/1606, 19%) (relative risk 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.49 to 0.69). Three serious adverse events were reported: one in the placebo arm and two in the antibiotic arm (one was thought to be causally related to the intervention). The follow-up rate achieved for most secondary outcomes was 76%. This trial has shown clear evidence of benefit of a single intravenous dose of prophylactic co-amoxiclav after operative vaginal birth. These results may lead to reconsideration of official policy/guidance. Further analysis of the mechanism of action of this single dose of antibiotic is needed to investigate whether earlier, pre-delivery or repeated administration could be more effective. Until these analyses are completed, there is no indication for administration of more than a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic, or for pre-delivery administration. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN11166984. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in ; Vol. 23, No. 54. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.

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Additional Information: Report published in Health Technology Journal. V23 I54.
Uncontrolled Keywords: INFECTION, OPERATIVE VAGINAL DELIVERY, PROPHYLAXIS, RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
SWORD Depositor: Publication Router
Depositing User: Publication Router

Identifiers

Item ID: 11249
Identification Number: https://doi.org/10.3310/hta23540
ISSN: 2046-4924
URI: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/11249
Official URL: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta2354...

Users with ORCIDS

ORCID for Marian Knight: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-4575
ORCID for Virginia Chiocchia: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-6196-3308
ORCID for Christopher Partlett: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-5139-3412
ORCID for Oliver Rivero-Arias: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-6544
ORCID for Xinyang Hua: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2102-5461
ORCID for Ursula Bowler: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-0100-0155
ORCID for James Gray: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-3141
ORCID for Shan Gray: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-2112
ORCID for Kim Hinshaw: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-0468-4326
ORCID for Aethele Khunda: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-9675
ORCID for Philip Moore: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-1493
ORCID for Linda Mottram: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-5758-7629
ORCID for Nelly Owino: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5658
ORCID for Dharmintra Pasupathy: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-1006
ORCID for Julia Sanders: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-9989
ORCID for Abdul H Sultan: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-8979-2304
ORCID for Ranee Thakar: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-5279-141X
ORCID for Derek Tuffnell: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-8876
ORCID for Louise Linsell: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3205-6511
ORCID for Edmund Juszczak: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-2247

Catalogue record

Date Deposited: 26 Feb 2020 11:19
Last Modified: 30 Sep 2020 11:15

Contributors

Author: Marian Knight ORCID iD
Author: Virginia Chiocchia ORCID iD
Author: Christopher Partlett ORCID iD
Author: Oliver Rivero-Arias ORCID iD
Author: Xinyang Hua ORCID iD
Author: Ursula Bowler ORCID iD
Author: James Gray ORCID iD
Author: Shan Gray ORCID iD
Author: Kim Hinshaw ORCID iD
Author: Aethele Khunda ORCID iD
Author: Philip Moore ORCID iD
Author: Linda Mottram ORCID iD
Author: Nelly Owino ORCID iD
Author: Dharmintra Pasupathy ORCID iD
Author: Julia Sanders ORCID iD
Author: Abdul H Sultan ORCID iD
Author: Ranee Thakar ORCID iD
Author: Derek Tuffnell ORCID iD
Author: Louise Linsell ORCID iD
Author: Edmund Juszczak ORCID iD

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Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing > School of Nursing and Health Sciences

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