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Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro-spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances

Elie, Leonie, Elie, Mathieu, Cave, Gareth, Vetter, Marleen, Croxton, Ruth and Baron, Mark (2016) Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro-spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 47 (11). pp. 1343-1350. ISSN 03770486

Item Type: Article

Abstract

Two new psychoactive substances, namely 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) were analysed with a novel combination of microcrystalline tests followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy to facilitate their absolute identification. The discrimination power of the proposed combination was successfully demonstrated through the analysis of the positional isomers 2- and 3-methylmethcathinone. The addition of mercury dichloride as a microcrystalline test reagent produced specific microcrystals of each tested analyte. The robustness of the method was evaluated in the presence of common cutting agents (caffeine and benzocaine) as well as on street samples. The crystal lattice structures of mephedrone, 2-methylmethcathinone and MDAI mercury dichloride microcrystals were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This confirmed the presence of both drug and reagent together in the lattice and accounts for the distinct habit of the observed microcrystals. Raman spectra of the formed microcrystals differed from those obtained from their standard salt form by loss and/or gain of some vibrational modes. Particularly important was the appearance of the mercury chloride link to each tested drug molecule which showed as strong bands at low wavenumbers. Its presence was corroborated by its detection in the crystal lattice. It was therefore concluded that microcrystalline testing followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy satisfies the technique combination requirement for psychoactive substances recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) and provides a rapid and cheap analysis route. The proposed technique combination also aids the development of new microcrystalline tests as it allows for confirmation of the uniqueness of the developed microcrystals almost in-situ rather than growing single crystals for often long periods of time needed for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

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More Information

Depositing User: Ruth Croxton

Identifiers

Item ID: 16570
Identification Number: https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4957
ISSN: 03770486
URI: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/16570
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4957

Users with ORCIDS

ORCID for Ruth Croxton: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-7077

Catalogue record

Date Deposited: 27 Feb 2024 08:49
Last Modified: 27 Feb 2024 08:49

Contributors

Author: Ruth Croxton ORCID iD
Author: Leonie Elie
Author: Mathieu Elie
Author: Gareth Cave
Author: Marleen Vetter
Author: Mark Baron

University Divisions

Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing > School of Psychology

Subjects

Sciences > Chemistry

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